Seminars in Roentgenology RSS feed: Current Issue. Seminars in Roentgenology is designed primarily for the practicing radiologist and for the resident. Each quarterly issue compiled by a leading guest editor covers a single topic of current importance. The clinical, pathological, and roentgenologic aspects are emphasized, while research and techniques are discussed insofar as they provide documentation and clarification of the subject under discussion. This Seminars series is of interest to radiologists, sonographers, and radiologic technicians. 2012 Topics , Volume 47, Issues 1-4 January Pediatric Imaging Update, Part I April Pediatric Imaging Update, Part II July Cardiac Imaging October Imaging of Trauma http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/?rss=yesElsevier Inc.en © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Seminars in Roentgenology0037-198X472April 2012 © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001301/abstract?rss=yesPediatric imaging is a unique radiology subspecialty, which encompasses all aspects of organ systems, congenital and acquired disorders, and imaging modalities. Owing to a wide variety of currently and clinically relevant topics in pediatric body imaging, the collection of articles on pediatric body imaging for the Seminars in Roentgenology has been divided into 2 separate issues. In the previous issue and this issue, I am pleased to present articles devoted to practical reviews of various common and uncommon conditions in the pediatric population. As the guest editor for these 2 issues focusing on pediatric body imaging, I have selected topics with the aim of providing both radiologists and clinicians caring for pediatric patients with up-to-date information regarding imaging assessment of clinically oriented problems that are currently encountered in daily practice.Letter From the Guest Editor: Pediatric Body Imaging, Part IIEdward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.12.001Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6101102http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X1100099X/abstract?rss=yesA 17-year-old male patient presented to emergency department with fever, chills, 1 episode of hemoptysis, and painful right neck after a recent episode of pharyngitis. On the physical examination, the erythematous pharynx and tongue and enlarged tonsils with exudate were noted. The laboratory tests showed elevation of the white blood cell count to 13,000 with associated left shift and a negative rapid strep test.Case of the Season: Lemierre SyndromeEwa Wasilewska, Anne D. Morris, Edward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.001Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6103105http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001003/abstract?rss=yesIn recent decades, a great deal has been learned about the histopathology, etiology, and treatment of vascular anomalies, which has caused change in the classification and terminology used to describe these lesions. The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification system, which has been widely embraced by various subspecialists who care for patients with these malformations, provides an approach based on histopathology, clinical course, and treatment. However, use of older nomenclature continues to cause confusion, inaccurate diagnoses, and potential mismanagement. The overarching goal of this article is 2-fold. First, to review the ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies by discussing key pathogenesis, imaging features, and modern treatment of representative lesions from each category; and second, to discuss terminology used to describe vascular malformations with the goal of clarifying dated or confusing terms that remain in use.Vascular Malformations: Classification and Terminology the Radiologist Needs to KnowLisa H. Lowe, Tracy C. Marchant, Douglas C. Rivard, Amanda J. Scherbel10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.002Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6106117http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001015/abstract?rss=yesNoninfectious pediatric diseases that affect the small bowel include, but are not limited to entities, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), malabsorption, polyps, and neoplasms. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of these bowel abnormalities. Bowel diseases in children have routinely been imaged using conventional imaging examinations, such as fluoroscopic barium studies and computed tomography (CT). Until recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) have not been routinely used. Given the inherent risks of ionizing radiation associated with some imaging studies, caution must be taken when choosing a modality and protocol to image children with suspected pathology. In this review article, we address the emerging imaging techniques of US and MRI being used in practice for evaluating the bowel in children and describe the common applications of these techniques. The primary focus of this review is on the characteristic imaging features of IBD that is associated with the most serious complications and chronic exacerbations on US and MRI. A brief discussion of a few other bowel entities, such as appendicitis, celiac disease, and polyps, are also included.Bowel Imaging in Children: A Comprehensive Look Using US and MRISudha A. Anupindi, Emily Janitz, Kassa Darge10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.003Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6118126http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001027/abstract?rss=yesCongenital mediastinal vascular anomalies are important causes of morbidity in infants and children. Although chest radiographs may play a role in the incidental detection and initial imaging evaluation in children with clinical suspicion of congenital mediastinal vascular anomalies, cross-sectional imaging such as computer tomography (CT), which can complement chest radiographs and echocardiography, is often subsequently obtained for confirmation of diagnosis, further characterization, and preoperative evaluation in the case of surgical lesions. In recent years, advances in multidetector CT (MDCT) technology have substantially enhanced evaluation of congenital mediastinal vascular anomalies in children. Faster acquisition times combined with high spatial resolution and superb quality of two-dimensional (2D) multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction make MDCT an ideal noninvasive method for evaluating congenital mediastinal vascular anomalies in pediatric patients. In this article, the authors review the MDCT technique and characteristic CT imaging appearance of some of the more common congenital mediastinal vascular anomalies in pediatric population.Multidetector Computed Tomography Evaluation of Congenital Mediastinal Vascular Anomalies in ChildrenOleksandr Kondrachuk, Tetyana Yalynska, Raad Tammo, Edward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.004Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6127134http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001039/abstract?rss=yesMore than 11 million children are evaluated yearly for traumatic injuries in North America. Trauma is the leading cause of death in pediatric patients older than 1 year. Thoracic injuries account for approximately 14% of blunt force traumatic deaths, second only to head injuries. Commonly encountered causes of thoracic injury in children include motor vehicle crashes, falls, pedestrian versus motor vehicle accidents, bicycle accidents, playground mishaps, child abuse, and gun-related injuries. Blunt force injuries to the thorax are 6 times more common than penetrating injuries in pediatric patients.Imaging of Pediatric Thoracic TraumaMatthew R. Hammer, Jonathan R. Dillman, Suzanne T. Chong, Peter J. Strouse10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.005Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6135146http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001040/abstract?rss=yesUpper airway obstruction is a common and potentially serious condition in the pediatric age-group. Neonates and young children are particularly susceptible because their immature airways are small in size and much more compliant than those of adults. Children with upper airway obstruction usually present with stridor or apnea, but they could also manifest with chronic problems, such as recurrent lung infections or obstructive sleep apnea, that can lead to growth retardation, chronic respiratory failure, cor pulmonale, and even death.Congenital Causes of Upper Airway Obstruction in Pediatric Patients: Updated Imaging Techniques and Review of Imaging FindingsBernard F. Laya, Edward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.006Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6147158http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001052/abstract?rss=yesBowel obstruction often represents an eventual endpoint that can arise from a wide variety of inciting etiologies in the pediatric population. In an acute setting, the radiologist's goal is to first identify the presence of a bowel obstruction and subsequently recognize specific imaging features, which can guide clinicians to the underlying cause of the bowel obstruction and direct subsequent management. Although bowel obstruction in adults is predominantly due to adhesions (65%), incarcerated hernias (15%), or colonic neoplasm (13%), the causes of bowel obstructions in pediatric patients are more varied and often require different management. This article reviews the role of currently available imaging modalities that can be used to assess a pediatric bowel obstruction, as well as the spectrum of characteristic imaging findings seen with bowel obstructions that may lead to the primary pathological process.Imaging Evaluation of Bowel Obstruction in Children: Updates in Imaging Techniques and Review of Imaging FindingsAnastasia L. Hryhorczuk, Edward Y. Lee10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.007Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6159170http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001064/abstract?rss=yesDuring the past 2 decades, there has been a substantial increase in the number of children and adolescents involved in organized sports. The trend toward year-round training and earlier involvement of children in highly competitive sports before skeletal maturity increases the risk and severity of injury. Approximately 4.3 million recreational and sports injuries occur each year in school-aged children in the United States, with approximately 3.5 million sport-related injuries requiring medical treatment in children under the age of 15 years. Although some data suggest that boys are nearly twice as likely to suffer from athletic injuries, there has been a substantial increase in the number of girls involved in sports, and this has greatly increased the number of injuries they suffer, particularly in the knee. For boys, the highest rates of injury per 1000 hours of exposure have been reported with ice hockey, rugby, and soccer, and for girls, with soccer, basketball, and gymnastics.Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Sports-Related Musculoskeletal Injury in Children: Current Techniques and Clinical ApplicationsVictor M. Ho-Fung, Camilo Jaimes, Diego Jaramillo10.1053/j.ro.2011.11.008Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6171181http://www.seminarsinroentgenology.com/article/PIIS0037198X11001313/abstract?rss=yesA variety of congenital and acquired disorders of the trachea and bronchi may be encountered in the pediatric population. Such disorders are often associated with substantial morbidity and may be potentially life-threatening, especially if the diagnosis is delayed. Affected infants and children often present with respiratory symptoms such as stridor, wheezing, and respiratory distress. Because infants and young children have smaller airway caliber and greater airway collapsibility than adults, they tend to become symptomatic at an earlier stage of disease compared with adult patients. After careful physical examination, imaging evaluation plays an important role in the diagnostic assessment of pediatric patients with suspected disorders of the trachea and bronchi. The goal of this article is to provide an up-to-date and systematic review of currently available imaging studies and techniques, as well as characteristic imaging appearances of various congenital and acquired tracheobronchial anomalies and abnormalities in the pediatric population.Imaging Evaluation of Pediatric Trachea and Bronchi: Systematic Review and UpdatesEdward Y. Lee, Ricardo Restrepo, Jonathan R. Dillman, Carole A. Ridge, Matthew R. Hammer, Phillip M. Boiselle10.1053/j.ro.2011.12.002Seminars in Roentgenology 47, 2 (2012)2012-04-01Seminars in Roentgenology2012-04-01472S0037-198X(12)X0002-6182196